好大夫在線
首頁
找專家
找醫(yī)院
查知識
問診
掛號
登錄
|
注冊
消息
工作站
個人中心
聯(lián)系客服
當前位置:
好大夫在線
>
中國人民解放軍聯(lián)勤保障部隊第九二〇醫(yī)院
>
推薦專家
中國人民解放軍聯(lián)勤保障部隊第九二〇醫(yī)院
已收藏
+收藏
公立
三甲
綜合醫(yī)院
主頁
介紹
科室列表
推薦專家
患者評價
問診記錄
科普號
義診活動
推薦專家
疾?。?
先天性髖關節(jié)脫位
醫(yī)院科室:
不限
開通的服務:
不限
醫(yī)生職稱:
不限
出診時間:
不限
暫無推薦醫(yī)生
搜索
搜索結果:未搜索到相關疾病
不限
內科
外科
婦產科學
兒科學
特色診療
其他科室
不限
不限疾病
熱門
腰椎間盤突出
骨折
膝關節(jié)損傷
白血病
脊柱骨折
人工關節(jié)置換術
腰椎管狹窄
頸椎病
股骨頭壞死
足部骨折
淋巴瘤
冠心病
先天性髖關節(jié)脫位
高血壓
骨髓移植
貧血
手外傷
骨髓炎
乙肝
膽結石
先天性髖關節(jié)脫位其他推薦醫(yī)院
查看全部
上海交通大學醫(yī)學院附屬新華醫(yī)院
四川大學華西醫(yī)院
天津市天津醫(yī)院
先天性髖關節(jié)脫位科普知識
查看全部
保髖截骨治療髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良(8):單臺同時進行無(會陰)柱髖關節(jié)鏡檢查聯(lián)合髖臼周圍截骨術治療DDH
保髖截骨治療髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良(8):單臺同時進行無(會陰)柱髖關節(jié)鏡檢查聯(lián)合髖臼周圍截骨術治療髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良作者:DustinWoyski,SteveOlson,BrianLewis.作者單位:DepartmentofOrthopaedicSurgery,DukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina,U.S.A.譯者:陶可(北京大學人民醫(yī)院骨關節(jié)科)摘要已經(jīng)證實,關節(jié)鏡和開放式髖關節(jié)保留技術都可以改善患者的預后并阻斷髖關節(jié)疾病的自然病程。傳統(tǒng)上,髖關節(jié)鏡檢查用于治療由盂唇撕裂、髖關節(jié)撞擊畸形和軟骨病變組成的髖關節(jié)疾病。髖臼周圍截骨術是治療因股骨頭對髖臼覆蓋不足或發(fā)育不良引起的髖關節(jié)不穩(wěn)定的最常用方法。由于髖臼周圍截骨術失敗與術后撞擊有關,且發(fā)育不良髖關節(jié)的關節(jié)內病變發(fā)生率高,人們對將髖關節(jié)鏡檢查與髖臼周圍截骨術相結合產生了濃厚的興趣。在這里,我們描述了一種單臺、單鋪巾、無(會陰)柱聯(lián)合髖關節(jié)鏡檢查和髖臼周圍截骨術的技術。討論據(jù)報道,通過開放或關節(jié)鏡檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良患者的關節(jié)內病變發(fā)生率很高。我們的絕大多數(shù)患者也符合Warwick髖關節(jié)鏡治療標準,這體現(xiàn)在影像學、體格檢查和病史方面。由于這些因素,自2013年以來,我們一直在我們機構的幾乎每例PAO患者身上同時進行關節(jié)鏡檢查,并且自2018年3月以來一直采用當前的無(會陰)柱技術。多年來,我們的髖關節(jié)鏡和PAO聯(lián)合技術已發(fā)展到本技術說明中所述的使用1張手術臺且無需會陰柱的技術。這位資深外科醫(yī)生已經(jīng)進行了500多例PAO手術,并發(fā)現(xiàn)同時進行的關節(jié)鏡檢查不會增加PAO的手術時間,而且,如果有的話,由于關節(jié)鏡檢查液的水分離,使暴露更容易,出血更少,組織平面更清晰。過去20年來,PAO的長期結果已得到充分描述,伯爾尼原始隊列的三分之一患者的髖關節(jié)在30年后得以保存。PAO失敗的一個已知原因是未解決股骨髖臼撞擊或通過PAO矯正造成撞擊。然而,在PAO時解決中央和外周間室病理是否會影響短期和長期結果仍有待觀察。迄今為止的報告很少,并且與治療關節(jié)內病理的選擇偏差不一致,這些選擇偏差針對的是那些有撞擊體征和癥狀或MRI發(fā)現(xiàn)盂唇病理的患者。我們堅信,由于關節(jié)內病理與發(fā)育不良患者的凸輪形態(tài)高度相關,因此在PAO之前對所有髖關節(jié)進行關節(jié)鏡評估和治療是必要的。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)關節(jié)內病變的患病率非常高,幾乎所有髖關節(jié)均出現(xiàn)PAO且需要進行盂唇修復,超過一半的髖關節(jié)出現(xiàn)一定程度的髖臼軟骨軟化。使用一張手術臺和鋪巾使我們能夠完成高效的髖關節(jié)鏡和PAO聯(lián)合手術。在我們機構,關節(jié)鏡和PAO均由一位外科醫(yī)生進行。缺乏經(jīng)驗的外科醫(yī)生不應單獨進行這兩種手術,因為PAO和關節(jié)鏡髖關節(jié)手術的學習曲線都很陡峭。任何涉及多種復雜、困難手術和新設備組合的新技術都可能帶來潛在的缺點和風險。但是,如果由經(jīng)驗豐富的外科醫(yī)生進行,在PAO之前增加關節(jié)鏡檢查是安全的,并且不會增加并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率。?Fig1ViewofstandardHanatablesetupwithPinkHipKitandpatientdrawsheetfoldedinhalffromthe(A)sideand(B)above.(C)Viewfromaboveoftheidealpatientplacementwithperineumapproximately4to6cmfromthepostpositioninghole.圖1?標準Hana桌設置視圖,配有粉色髖關節(jié)套件和患者抽紙,從(A)側面和(B)上方折疊成兩半。(C)從上方查看理想的患者放置位置,會陰距離定位孔約4至6厘米。Fig2(A)Patientissupinewiththelefthipsterilelypreppedanddrapedandinferiormarginofiliaccrestoutlined.TheASISandGTaremarkedaswell.TheincisionoftheperiacetabularosteotomyismadefromtheGTandisconnectedtotheMAP.(B)IncisionforthePAOismadefromtheGTtotheMAP.(C)ExposureoftheEOFisimportantbeforemasking.(D)FleckosteotomyoftheASISoffoftheICusingaone-half-inchstraightosteotome.(AL,anterolateralportal;ASIS,anterosuperioriliacspine;DALA,distalanterolateralaccessoryportal;EOF,externalabdominalobliquemuscleandfascia;GT,glutealtubercle;IC,iliaccrest;MAP,mid-anteriorportal;PAO,periacetabularosteotomy.)圖2?(A)患者仰臥,左側髖關節(jié)無菌準備并鋪上布,髂嵴下緣輪廓清晰。ASIS和GT也已標記。髖臼周圍截骨術的切口從GT開始,并與MAP相連。(B)PAO的切口從GT到MAP。(C)在遮蓋之前,暴露EOF非常重要。(D)使用半英寸直骨刀對IC上的ASIS進行斑點截骨術。(AL,前外側入口;ASIS,髂前上棘;DALA,遠端前外側副入口;EOF,腹外斜肌和筋膜;GT,髂結節(jié);IC,髂嵴;MAP,中前入口;PAO,髖臼周圍截骨術。)Fig3Magneticresonanceimagingbased3-dimensionalrenderingofalefthipjointviewedanteriorlyisusedforpreoperativeplanning.Thisdemonstratestypicalfindingsoffocalfemoroacetabularimpingementfoundinthedysplastichipwithaminimalcamandpincer(),whicharelabeled.(PS,pubicsymphysis;SS,subspine.)圖3?基于磁共振成像的左側髖關節(jié)前方三維渲染圖用于術前規(guī)劃。這顯示了髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良中發(fā)現(xiàn)的典型局灶性股骨髖臼撞擊,輕度凸輪和鉗夾畸形(),已標記。(PS,恥骨聯(lián)合;SS,髂前下棘。)Fig4Intraoperativefluoroscopicimagesofalefthipperiacetabularosteotomy.(A)Anteroposteriorviewdemonstratingthenarrowcurvedosteotomeagainstthemedialaspectoftheanteriorischiumpriortoosteotomy.(B)Iliacobliqueviewwiththeacetabulumoutlinedinblueandposteriorcolumnincludingischialspineoutlinedingreenshowingthe(C)appropriatedepthofthecurvedosteotomeoftheincompleteischialosteotomy.(D)Anteroposteriorviewshowingthecurvedosteotome’sidealpositionbehindtheacetabulum.圖4?左側髖臼周圍截骨術術中透視圖像。(A)前后視圖,顯示截骨術前狹窄彎曲骨鑿抵靠前坐骨內側。(B)髂骨斜視圖,髖臼以藍色勾勒,包括坐骨棘在內的后柱以綠色勾勒,(C)顯示不完全坐骨截骨術的彎曲骨鑿的適當深度。(D)前后視圖顯示彎曲骨鑿在髖臼后方的理想位置。Fig5Fluoroscopicimagesofthelefthip.(A)Widestraightosteotomeincorrectpositionontheanteroposteriorviewoverlyingtheacetabularteardrop.(B)Iliacobliqueviewwiththeiliacosteotomymadeusingtheoscillatingsawoutlinedinblue.(C)Iliacobliqueviewofthestraightosteotomecomingbehindtheacetabulumand(D)connectingwiththepreviousincompleteischialosteotomy,whichisoutlinedinblue.圖5?左髖的透視圖像。(A)寬直骨鑿在前后視圖上處于正確位置,覆蓋髖臼淚滴。(B)髂骨斜視圖,使用擺鋸進行的髂骨截骨術以藍色勾勒。(C)髂骨斜視圖,直骨鑿位于髖臼后方,(D)與之前的不完全坐骨截骨術相連,后者以藍色勾勒。Fig6Lefthipfluoroscopiciliacobliqueviewsoftheacetabularfragment(A)beforecorrectionwiththeacetabulumoutlinedinblueand(B)postcorrectionwithprovisionalfixationusing3.2-mmdrillbits.(C)Iliacobliqueand(D)anteroposteriorfluoroscopicviewsshowingfinalpositionofacetabularfragmentfollowingperiacetabularosteotomywith4.5-mmscrewsinplace.圖6左髖關節(jié)透視髂骨斜視圖顯示髖臼塊(A)矯正前,髖臼用藍色勾勒,(B)矯正后,使用3.2毫米鉆頭進行臨時固定。(C)髂骨斜視圖和(D)前后透視視圖顯示髖臼塊的最終位置,髖臼周圍截骨術后,4.5毫米螺釘固定。Fig7Anteroposteriorviewsofthepelvisshowingthelefthip(A)preoperativelyand(B)postoperatively.Increasedlateralcoverageofthefemoralheadanddecreasedinclinationoftheacetabularsourcilarenoted.圖7?骨盆前后視圖顯示左髖關節(jié)(A)術前和(B)術后。注意到股骨頭的側向覆蓋增加,髖臼底部傾斜度減小。?SingleTableConcomitantPost-LessHipArthroscopyCombinedwithPeriacetabularOsteotomyforHipDysplasiaAbstractIthasbeenwellestablishedthatbotharthroscopicandopenhippreservationtechniquescanresultinimprovedpatientoutcomesandinterruptthenaturalhistoryofhipdisease.Traditionally,hiparthroscopyhasbeenusedtoaddresscentralandperipheralcompartmentdiseaseconsistingoflabraltears,impingementmorphologyandcartilagepathology.Theperiacetabularosteotomyhasbeenthemostusedtreatmentforhipinstabilitycausedbyinadequateacetabularcoverageofthefemoralheadordysplasia.Withfailuresofperiacetabularosteotomylinkedtopostoperativeimpingementandthehighincidenceofintra-articularpathologyinthedysplastichip,therehasbeenagreatinterestincombinghiparthroscopywiththeperiacetabularosteotomy.Here,wedescribeatechniqueforasingletable,singledrape,postlesscombinedhiparthroscopy,andperiacetabularosteotomy.DiscussionAhighincidenceintra-articularpathologyinpatientswithhipdysplasiawhenidentifiedbyopenorarthroscopicmeanshasbeenreported.5ThevastmajorityofourpatientsalsosatisfytheWarwickcriteriaforacceptabilityforhiparthroscopyfromtheirimaging,physicalexamination,andhistory.6Becauseofthesefactors,wehavebeenperformingconcomitantarthroscopyonnearlyeveryPAOatourinstitutionsince2013andhavebeenperformingthecurrentpostlesstechniquesinceMarch2018.OurtechniqueofcombinedhiparthroscopyandPAOhasevolvedovertheyearstowhatisdescribedinthisTechnicalNotewiththeuseof1tableandwithoutaperinealpost.Theseniorsurgeonhasperformedmorethan500PAOproceduresandhasfoundthatconcomitantarthroscopydoesnotincreasetheoperativetimeofthePAOand,ifanything,hasmadetheexposureeasierwithlessbleedingandbetter-definedtissueplanesbecauseofhydro-dissectionfromthearthroscopyfluid.TheeaseofexposurealongwithothertechnicalpearlsandbenefitsareoutlinedinTable1.Thelong-termoutcomesofPAOhavebeenwelldescribedoverthepast2decades,withone-thirdoftheoriginalBernesecohorthavingbeenpreservedat30years.7AknowncauseoffailureofthePAOisnotaddressingfemoroacetabularimpingementorcreatingimpingementwiththePAOcorrection.8However,itremainstobeseenifaddressingcentralandperipheralcompartmentpathologyatthetimeofPAOcanaffectshort-andlong-termoutcomes.Reportsthusfarhavebeensparseandinconsistentwithselectionbiasoftreatingintra-articularpathologytothosewithsignsandsymptomsofimpingementorMRIfindingsoflabralpathology.Wefirmlybelievethatwiththehighassociationofintra-articularpathologyandcammorphology9inpatientswithdysplasiathatanarthroscopicevaluationandtreatmentofthecentralandperipheralcompartmentsofthehipiswarrantedinallhipsbeforePAO.Wehavefoundaveryhighprevalenceofintra-articularpathologywithnearlyallhipspresentingforPAOrequiringalabralrepairandmorethanone-halfwithsomedegreeofchondromalaciaoftheacetabulum.TheuseofasingletableanddrapinghasallowedustocompleteanefficientcombinedhiparthroscopyandPAO(Table1).Atourinstitution,boththearthroscopyandPAOareperformedbyasinglesurgeon.NeitheroftheseproceduresaloneshouldbetakenonbytheinexperiencedsurgeonbecauseboththePAOandarthroscopichipsurgeryhaveasteeplearningcurve.10,11Anynewtechniqueinvolvingthecombinationofmultiplecomplex,difficultproceduresandnewequipmentcancarrypotentialdisadvantagesandrisks(Table2).Whenperformedbyanexperiencedsurgeon,however,theadditionofarthroscopybeforePAOcanbedonesafelyanddoesnotincreasethecomplicationrate.12文獻出處:DustinWoyski,SteveOlson,BrianLewis.SingleTableConcomitantPost-LessHipArthroscopyCombinedwithPeriacetabularOsteotomyforHipDysplasia.ArthroscTech.2019Nov25;8(12):e1569-e1578.doi:10.1016/j.eats.2019.08.015.eCollection2019Dec.
陶可醫(yī)生的科普號
臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良Borderline DDH (2):疼痛性臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的治療
臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良BorderlineDDH(2):疼痛性臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的治療作者:MichaelCWyatt,MartinBeck.作者單位:KlinikfürOrthop?dieundUnfallchirurgieLuzernerKantonsspital6004Luzern,Switzerland.譯者:陶可(北京大學人民醫(yī)院骨關節(jié)科)摘要在過去的幾十年里,影像技術的改進和手術技術的進步使得保髖手術得到了快速發(fā)展。然而,疼痛性臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的治療仍然存在爭議。在這篇評論中,我們將確定相關問題并描述患者評估和治療方案。我們將提供自己的建議,并確定未來的研究領域。簡介在過去的幾十年里,髖關節(jié)生物力學知識的提高和手術技術的進步使得保髖手術得到了快速發(fā)展。保髖手術適應范圍廣泛,從髖臼淺且不穩(wěn)定的髖關節(jié)到髖臼深且患有股骨髖臼撞擊(FAI)的髖關節(jié)。雖然人們普遍認為,不穩(wěn)定髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的最佳治療方法是重新定位髖臼以增加覆蓋范圍,但人們同樣認為,必須減小過度覆蓋的髖臼臨界以消除撞擊。所有這些髖關節(jié)都可能存在凸輪畸形,需要在手術矯正時加以解決[1]。在最極端的情況下,所需的治療是顯而易見的。然而,有一個過渡區(qū),很難區(qū)分不穩(wěn)定性和股骨髖臼撞擊(FAI)。過去,這些髖關節(jié)被稱為“臨界”髖關節(jié)。通常,這包括外側中心臨界(LCE)角度在20°到25°之間的髖關節(jié)[2]。然而,“臨界”一詞是有問題的,因為它是一個放射學定義,只涉及描述髖關節(jié)穩(wěn)定性的幾個重要參數(shù)之一。髖臼頂傾斜角、前后覆蓋和股骨前傾是應納入髖關節(jié)穩(wěn)定性分析的其他因素。髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良與髖關節(jié)骨關節(jié)炎之間的關聯(lián)已經(jīng)確定[3,4],有不穩(wěn)定跡象的髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良退化速度更快[5]。臨界髖關節(jié)可能不穩(wěn)定、撞擊或兩者兼而有之。臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的穩(wěn)定性很難確定,并且容易受個人主觀影響,骨科界普遍傾向于低估不穩(wěn)定性,從而導致不適當?shù)闹委?。最近的研究表明,對患有臨界發(fā)育不良(LCEA?>?20°)的患者進行關節(jié)鏡髖關節(jié)手術(包括盂唇修復和關節(jié)囊折疊縫合術)可能會在短期內帶來適當?shù)母纳芠3,4]。然而,有證據(jù)表明,之前錯誤的髖關節(jié)鏡檢查會對此類髖關節(jié)的治療結果產生負面影響[6]。因此,疼痛性臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的治療仍然是一個極具爭議的問題。臨界性髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良在患有髖關節(jié)疼痛的年輕人中很常見,在選定的患者群中報告的患病率為37.6%[7]。在臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良中,可能與其他不穩(wěn)定原因(如韌帶松弛癥)有顯著重疊[8]。然而,根本問題是難以正確分類潛在的病理生物力學。定義第一個問題在于定義。在前后位骨盆X線片[9](LCEA)上測量的Wiberg外側中心邊緣角傳統(tǒng)上用于將髖關節(jié)分類為正常(LCEA?>25°)、發(fā)育不良(LCEA?<20°)或臨界(LCEA20–25°),盡管這些定義值在文獻中差異很大[3,10]。然而,使用外側中心邊緣角(LCEA)存在兩個問題。首先是測量方法。為了測量外側中心邊緣角(LCEA),首先通過與股骨頭輪廓相符的圓來定義股骨頭的中心。角度的第一個分支垂直穿過旋轉中心。第二個分支由股骨頭的中心和股骨最外側點定義(圖1a)。重要的是不要使用髖臼的最外側點(圖1b),因為這不符合Wiberg的定義,并且會給出錯誤的高值(外側中心邊緣角(LCEA)偏大)[11]。Fig.1.(a)CorrectmeasurementoftheLCEAusingtheedgeofthesourcil,indicatingmoderatedysplasia.(b)IncorrectmeasurementoftheLCEAinthesamehip.Usingthisvaluewouldfalselyclassifythishipasborderline.圖1(a)使用髖臼臨界正確測量外側中心邊緣角(LCEA),表明中度髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良。(b)同一髖關節(jié)的外側中心邊緣角(LCEA)測量不正確。使用此值會錯誤地將此髖關節(jié)歸類為臨界。其次,實際術語“臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良”是由Wiberg本人首次提出的,包括外側中心邊緣角(LCEA)在20°和25°之間的髖關節(jié)[2]。外側中心邊緣角(LCEA)是一種放射學測量,本身無法預測臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的穩(wěn)定性,也無法完全描述股骨頭覆蓋范圍。因此,外側中心邊緣角(LCEA)無法指導手術決策[12–14]。部分原因是外側中心邊緣角(LCEA)本身無法涵蓋發(fā)育不良的精確位置,并且忽略了前后股骨頭覆蓋范圍。此外,髖臼指數(shù)(AI)和股骨前傾等其他參數(shù)也與髖關節(jié)穩(wěn)定性密切相關。如果外側中心邊緣角(LCEA)減少,AI可能正常,在這種情況下很難評估髖關節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性[15]。另一方面,股骨前傾過度可能會加劇髖關節(jié)前部不穩(wěn)定[16]。根本問題是什么?對于疼痛的臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良,很難僅通過二維射線測量將病理機制表征為撞擊(穩(wěn)定)或發(fā)育不良(不穩(wěn)定),尤其是僅由髖臼功能決定而不考慮股骨的測量。髖關節(jié)穩(wěn)定性的功能表征對于指導手術決策至關重要。不穩(wěn)定髖關節(jié)從邏輯上可以從髖臼重新定向截骨術中受益,而穩(wěn)定髖關節(jié)可以從撞擊手術(如股骨凸輪骨成形術)中受益。那么關于髖關節(jié)內病理學的了解有多少?應該如何評估這些患者?有哪些治療方案?手術結果如何?這組患者的潛在隱患是什么?未來的發(fā)展方向是什么?在這篇敘述性綜述文章中,我們旨在解決這些問題,并闡明這組具有挑戰(zhàn)性的患者的處理方法。髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良和臨界髖關節(jié)不穩(wěn)定的潛在病理是什么?髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良患者的關節(jié)接觸壓力異常增高,股骨頭(軟骨損傷,導致軟骨下)骨質相對暴露。髖臼通常較淺且前傾,盂唇經(jīng)常有代償性增大,但同時伴有髖臼后傾的情況也很高[17]。股骨通常呈外翻,前傾度高[10]。這些異常的解剖特征會導致病理性髖關節(jié)生物力學,表現(xiàn)為盂唇撕裂、軟骨損傷和髖關節(jié)不穩(wěn)定,這些很容易被誤解為撞擊。由于骨穩(wěn)定性受損,軟組織穩(wěn)定器(即纖維軟骨盂唇和髖關節(jié)囊)的重要性就凸顯出來[18]。一旦軟組織約束失效,髖關節(jié)就會變得不穩(wěn)定。然而,我們必須明白,主要的潛在病理是缺乏骨性穩(wěn)定性,這會導致髖關節(jié)失效,而不是軟組織穩(wěn)定性失效。半脫位髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的自然病史預后非常差,并且必然會導致關節(jié)退化[5]。惡化速度與半脫位嚴重程度和患者年齡直接相關,通常在癥狀出現(xiàn)后約10年,就會出現(xiàn)嚴重的退行性變化[19]。在沒有半脫位的情況下,自然病史很難預測退化速度。臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良也是如此。最近的一項研究強調了髖臼覆蓋的重要性。在一項為期20年的大型女性隊列研究中,研究顯示,如果外側中心邊緣角(LCE)低于28°,則每降低一度,放射學OA風險就會增加13%[20]。因此,除了短期緩解癥狀外,還必須考慮長期可能的發(fā)展。臨床表現(xiàn)臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的臨床表現(xiàn)與其他年輕活躍成人髖關節(jié)疾?。ㄈ鏔AI綜合征[21])非常相似,因此,徹底的病史、體格檢查和放射學評估對于正確診斷這些患者至關重要。病史重點記錄病史。臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良患者的主要癥狀是疼痛。這通常發(fā)生在腹股溝和髖關節(jié)外側,但也可能發(fā)生在臀部(臀后區(qū))。有必要記錄完整的疼痛病史。尋找特定的不穩(wěn)定和“避免疼痛”癥狀,這可能表明已經(jīng)達到因缺乏骨性穩(wěn)定性而需要的軟組織代償?shù)臉O限。咔嗒聲和卡住的癥狀也很常見。此外,還會詢問患者是否有任何跡象表明患者已經(jīng)患上髖關節(jié)炎,例如夜間疼痛。癥狀應結合患者的功能限制和已經(jīng)接受的醫(yī)療護理,包括物理治療、藥物、其他意見和手術。檢查隨后應進行髖關節(jié)的合理臨床檢查,包括恐懼試驗和撞擊測試?;颊咄ǔ憩F(xiàn)出“膝內翻”步態(tài),同時伴有髖關節(jié)內收肌力矩增加和髖關節(jié)內旋增加,這與股骨前傾增加一致。為了功能性地增加前覆蓋,可能存在前凸過度。應確定大轉子處有無壓痛[22]。務必記住檢查患者的旋轉輪廓、進行神經(jīng)血管檢查以及檢查全身關節(jié)松弛的跡象,并使用Beighton評分對此進行量化。具體關鍵目標包括排除(i)晚期退化過程的存在,例如表現(xiàn)為固定屈曲畸形和運動范圍減少,以及(ii)其他病理,例如腰椎病或L5神經(jīng)根病引起的疼痛。調查診斷成像應從骨盆的標準化AP平片和股骨頸側位片(穿桌側位、Dunn位、假斜位)[23]開始。仔細檢查這些圖像以測量LCEA、AI、擠壓指數(shù)、股骨頸干角和FEAR指數(shù)(見下文)。應確定骨關節(jié)炎的Tonnis等級以及是否存在凸輪形態(tài)。應仔細檢查不穩(wěn)定的直接跡象,這些跡象包括股骨頭移位,可通過與髂坐線的距離增加、Shenton線斷裂和AP視圖上股骨頭重新定位來識別,髖關節(jié)處于外展狀態(tài),使用MR關節(jié)造影時后關節(jié)間隙中有釓,這表明股骨頭向前移位,因此不穩(wěn)定。FEAR指數(shù)與不穩(wěn)定性有很高的相關性(見下文)。必須精確測量和記錄各種參數(shù)。有必要使用三維計算機斷層掃描(CT)進行橫斷面成像,以獲得有關骨解剖結構和發(fā)育不良位置的精確信息,包括髖關節(jié)周圍囊腫的存在和位置[24-26]。此外,CT還應包括股骨前傾的評估,如果前傾過大,可能會加劇髖關節(jié)前部不穩(wěn)定。磁共振成像(MR-關節(jié)造影)應遵循專門的髖關節(jié)檢查方案,包括徑向圖像采集或重建和關節(jié)內造影劑應用[27],以檢查關節(jié)內結構和盂唇和關節(jié)軟骨的病理??梢詤^(qū)分引起類似癥狀的其他原因,例如缺血性壞死、轉子滑囊炎或臀肌病變。其他測量包括盂唇大小[13,28]和髂關節(jié)囊體積[29]。對于這些患者,我們還提倡進行非牽引性MR關節(jié)造影檢查,以檢查是否存在釓積聚,即所謂的“新月征”,這是軸向視圖上不穩(wěn)定的細微征兆[30]。這些測量值的價值是什么?在平片上,那些直接表明不穩(wěn)定的測量值是股骨頭移位,與髂坐線的距離增加,Shenton線斷裂,髖關節(jié)外展時AP視圖上股骨頭重新定位,以及FEAR指數(shù)。在MR關節(jié)造影中,后下關節(jié)間隙中釓的存在表明股骨頭移位,因此不穩(wěn)定。AI、NSA、AT、高髂囊體積和盂唇體積可能存在增加,但不能預測不穩(wěn)定性[30](表1)。表1.用于評估髖關節(jié)不穩(wěn)定性的各種參數(shù)概述TheFemoro-EpiphysealAcetabularRoof(FEAR)index:股骨骨骺髖臼頂指數(shù)Thefemoralneck-shaftangle(NSA):頸干角FEAR指數(shù)是最近描述的參數(shù),似乎對預測髖關節(jié)穩(wěn)定性具有很高的價值[27]。它是由髖臼頂與股骨生長板中央1/3處之間的角度形成的(圖2)。其依據(jù)是:在生長過程中,股骨的骨骺生長板會垂直于髖關節(jié)的關節(jié)反作用力。股骨頸的生長和方向受股骨頸下生長板的控制[31]。Pauwels和Maquet[32]提出理論,合力作用于骨骺軟骨的中心,在生長過程中,根據(jù)Heuter-Volkman原理,骨骺板會垂直于關節(jié)反作用力。Pauwels和Maquet的理論后來得到了Carter等人[33]的證實,他們通過二維有限元分析研究了髖關節(jié)負荷的影響。閉合的骨骺板的角度表示跨股骨近端骨骺[34]的力的平衡,也表示跨關節(jié)力在過去的作用方式。因此,它是一個功能參數(shù),反映了髖關節(jié)在生長過程中長期的關節(jié)反作用力。如果FEAR<0°,則認為髖關節(jié)穩(wěn)定。統(tǒng)計分析表明,5°的臨界值預測穩(wěn)定性的概率為80°。最近的研究表明,2°的臨界值預測穩(wěn)定性的概率為90%(Batailler等人,正在準備發(fā)表中)。使用FEAR指數(shù)的案例如圖3a和b所示。Fig.2.TheFEARindex.Theangleismeasuredbetweenalineconnectingthemostmedialandlateralpointofthesourcilandalineconnectingthemedialandlateralendofthestraightpart(usuallycentralthird)ofthephysealscarofthefemoralhead.AnegativeFEARindex,withtheangleopeningmediallyasshowninFig.3a,indicatesastablehip.圖2.?FEAR指數(shù)。測量連接股骨最內側和外側點的線與連接股骨頭骨骺直線部分(通常為中央三分之一)內側和外側端的線之間的角度。如圖3a所示,角度向內側打開的陰性FEAR指數(shù),表示髖關節(jié)穩(wěn)定。Fig.3.(a)CaseexamplesusingtheFEARindex.17-year-oldmale,LCEA20°,FEAR0°.Hipdeemedthereforestableandpatientmanagedwithhiparthroscopy.(b)CaseexamplesusingtheFEARindex.17-year-oldfemale,LCEA20°,FEAR8°.HipdeemedthereforeunstableandpatientmanagedwithPAO.圖3.(a)使用FEAR指數(shù)的病例。17歲男性,LCEA20°,F(xiàn)EAR0°。因此髖關節(jié)穩(wěn)定,患者接受髖關節(jié)鏡治療。(b)使用FEAR指數(shù)的病例。17歲女性,LCEA20°,F(xiàn)EAR8°。因此髖關節(jié)不穩(wěn)定,患者接受PAO截骨治療。有哪些治療方案?治療取決于髖關節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性。疼痛性臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的治療方案包括非手術治療、解決關節(jié)內撞擊的手術治療(通過髖關節(jié)鏡或髖關節(jié)外科脫位進行的FAI手術)和解決不穩(wěn)定性的手術治療(采用PAO和/或股骨截骨術的重新定位截骨術)(見圖2)。非手術治療包括患者教育、活動調整、簡單的止痛藥、非甾體抗炎藥和髖關節(jié)腔內注射藥物[35]。有針對性的物理治療可以改善肌肉調節(jié)、疼痛和本體感受控制。以下段落將討論包括關節(jié)鏡和/或截骨術的臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的手術治療方案。這組患者接受髖關節(jié)鏡檢查的結果如何?隨著髖關節(jié)鏡技術的最新發(fā)展,許多外科醫(yī)生正在使用它來治療臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良,尤其是因為人們認為髖臼周圍截骨術等替代技術的風險更高,術后恢復時間更長。臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的髖關節(jié)鏡檢查還可以讓外科醫(yī)生處理髖關節(jié)內病變,如盂唇撕裂或股骨凸輪畸形[3,12,36]。如果考慮使用PAO來解決骨穩(wěn)定性不足的問題,那么關節(jié)鏡檢查不僅可以讓外科醫(yī)生了解髖關節(jié)的關節(jié)內狀態(tài),還可以了解患者在隨后進行更大規(guī)模手術時的表現(xiàn)[37]。然而,關于臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的髖關節(jié)鏡檢查的已發(fā)表文獻很少,而且短期隨訪也存在局限性。在Jo等的系統(tǒng)綜述中,確定了13項關于髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的關節(jié)鏡檢查的研究[10]。這些研究各不相同,所有研究都是病例系列。僅有6項研究報告了主觀和/或客觀結果。關節(jié)鏡檢查的手術指征不明確,患者事先接受過多種非手術治療。此外,臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的確切定義各不相同,只有兩項研究使用了Byrd和Jones的定義[36]。三項研究報告了髖關節(jié)鏡作為輔助工具,三項研究報告了髖關節(jié)鏡作為獨立治療。盂唇撕裂的總患病率為77.3%,主要位于髖臼緣的前部或前上部。髖臼軟骨病變比股骨病變更常見(59-75.2%比11-32%),并且位于盂唇病變的鄰近。僅有兩項研究檢查了臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良病例(LCEA20-25°)的關節(jié)鏡檢查結果,其中只有一項描述了患者報告的結果測量。后者是Byrd和Jones[36]的前瞻性臨床病例系列,其中66%的髖關節(jié)(32髖)患有臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良。關節(jié)鏡檢查后,平均改良Harris髖關節(jié)評分從50(差)改善到77(一般)。作者得出結論,髖關節(jié)鏡治療可能解決髖關節(jié)內病理而不是發(fā)育不良的放射學證據(jù)的結果。對臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良進行髖關節(jié)鏡檢查有什么危險?臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良患者進行關節(jié)鏡盂唇切除術和髖臼外側緣切除術可導致爆發(fā)性髖關節(jié)不穩(wěn)定[38]。即使修復了盂唇,也必須保留髂股韌帶和髖關節(jié)的其他靜態(tài)穩(wěn)定器,以防止不可逆的后果或導致髖關節(jié)不穩(wěn)定[39–41]。沒有確鑿的文獻支持在這些情況下進行關節(jié)囊修復,但這似乎是一種安全合理的做法[42]。關節(jié)囊復位技術可提高臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的穩(wěn)定性[12]。如果髖關節(jié)在術前足夠不穩(wěn)定,那么僅通過髖關節(jié)鏡治療關節(jié)內病變是不夠的,患者將需要進行PAO截骨術[43,44]。必須記住,髖關節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性首先取決于髖骨幾何形狀。在輕微不穩(wěn)定(臨界發(fā)育不良)中,穩(wěn)定性可能由次級軟組織結構來確保。一旦這些結構因微創(chuàng)傷或大創(chuàng)傷而失效,髖關節(jié)就會變得不穩(wěn)定。恢復軟組織穩(wěn)定性可能只會在短時間內改善髖關節(jié)穩(wěn)定性,但軟組織很可能再次磨損。因此,必須首先解決潛在的骨病理問題,才能取得良好的長期效果。最近的一份報告顯示,髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良患者在髖關節(jié)鏡檢查失敗后,PAO的髖關節(jié)特定功能結果較差[6]。因此,對這組患者單獨進行髖關節(jié)鏡檢查應謹慎處理。但是,對于那些由于髖關節(jié)狀況不佳(即AI和股骨前傾正常)或高齡(即>40歲)而不適合進行PAO的患者,它可能有用。重新定向髖臼周圍截骨術對這組患者有何影響?通過髖臼周圍截骨術進行髖臼重新定向已成為髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良最常見的治療方法,據(jù)報道術后20多年效果良好。傳統(tǒng)上,PAO時關節(jié)內病變的處理方法是進行前關節(jié)切開術。然而,隨著PAO微創(chuàng)技術的發(fā)展,情況已不再如此。微創(chuàng)PAO技術縮短了術后恢復時間[45]。最近的一項研究表明,一些可改變的因素,例如較高的體力活動量和較高的BMI(大于30kg/m2)可導致PAO的發(fā)病年齡下降[46]。此外,患有較重發(fā)育不良程度的患者患PAO的年齡也較早:LCEA是手術年齡的獨立預測因素,即LCEA較低的患者往往需要在較早的年齡接受PAO手術。但是,輕度和中度發(fā)育不良患者的PAO預后沒有差異。在本研究中,輕度發(fā)育不良被歸類為15-25°,這涵蓋了我們對臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良的定義。最近的一項多中心前瞻性隊列研究檢查了患者報告的PAO結果指標,結果表明,雖然總體結果良好,但臨界髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良患者和男性的改善程度低于發(fā)育較重的患者[47]。作者討論了小范圍矯正的危險,這可能導致過度矯正和醫(yī)源性FAI、股骨前傾增加和軟組織松弛。建議和未來方向在臨界髖關節(jié)中,關鍵步驟是確定穩(wěn)定性。關于髖關節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性,只有兩種情況:髖關節(jié)穩(wěn)定或不穩(wěn)定。沒有中間狀態(tài)。如果接受這個概念,治療就會變得相對簡單。不穩(wěn)定可能與其他病癥(如FAI或超負荷/過度使用和軟骨疾病)相結合,需要同時治療。如果髖關節(jié)不穩(wěn)定,則需要髖臼重新定位。僅解決磨損的二級穩(wěn)定器并不能解決潛在的生物力學問題,最多只能產生令人滿意的短期結果。在穩(wěn)定的髖關節(jié)中,可以進行開放或關節(jié)鏡關節(jié)保留手術。然而,我們必須記住,低于28°的LCE角度每減少一度,骨關節(jié)炎的發(fā)病率就會增加13%[20]。因此,如果有疑問,為了最大限度地提高獲得良好長期結果的機會,我們主張進行髖臼重新定向PAO截骨手術。重要的是要確定我們缺乏知識的領域,以指導進一步的研究。將對這些患者進行長期隨訪研究,比較髖臼重新定向和髖關節(jié)鏡檢查,理想情況下,將記錄所有成像參數(shù)和Beighton評分。此外,還應獲得患者報告的結果測量和恢復時間,以及包括運動在內的活動恢復時間。?TheFEARindexisarecentlydescribedparameterthatseemstohaveahighvaluetopredictstabilityofthehip[27].Itisformedbytheanglebetweentheacetabularroofandthecentralthirdofthefemoralgrowthplate(Fig.2).Itisbasedonthefactthatduringgrowththeepiphysealgrowthplateofthefemurorientsitselfperpendicularlytothejointreactingforcesofthehip.Growthandtheorientationofthefemoralneckareunderthecontrolofthesubcapitalgrowthplate[31].PauwelsandMaquet[32]theorizedthattheresultantforceactsfromthecenteroftheepiphysealcartilageandthatduringgrowth,theepiphysealplateorientsitselfperpendiculartothejointreactionforceinaccordancewiththeHeuter–Volkmanprinciple.PauwelsandMaquet’stheorylaterwasconfirmedbyCarteretal.[33]whostudiedtheinfluenceofhiploadingbybi-dimensionalfiniteelementanalysis.Theangleoftheclosedepiphysealplateindicatesthebalanceofforcesacrosstheproximalfemoralphysis[34]andindicateshowthetransarticularforcesactedinthepast.Therefore,itisafunctionalparameterthatreflectsthejointreactingforcesoveralongperiodoftimeduringgrowthofthehip.IftheFEARis?<0°thehipisconsideredstable.Statisticalanalysishasshownthatacutoffvalueof5°predictsstabilitywith80°probability.Morerecentworkhasshownthatacutoffvalueof2°predictsstabilitywith90%probability(Batailleretal.,inpreparation).CaseexamplesofusingtheFEARindexareshowninFig.3aandb.ThemanagementofthepainfulborderlinedysplastichipAbstractImprovedimagingandtheevolutionofsurgicaltechniqueshavepermittedarapidgrowthinhippreservationsurgeryoverthelastfewdecades.Themanagementofthepainfulborderlinedysplastichiphoweverremainscontroversial.Inthisreview,wewillidentifythepertinentissuesanddescribethepatientassessmentandtreatmentoptions.Wewillprovideourownrecommendationsandalsoidentifyfutureareasforresearch.INTRODUCTIONImprovedknowledgeabouthipbiomechanicsandtheevolutionofsurgicaltechniqueshavepermittedarapidgrowthinhippreservationsurgeryoverthelastfewdecades.Thespectrumcoversawiderangefromhipswithshallowacetabuli,whichareunstable,tohipswithdeepacetabulithataresufferingfromfemoro-acetabularimpingement(FAI).Whilethereisageneralagreementthatthebesttreatmentfortheunstabledysplastichipisareorientationoftheacetabulumtoincreasecover,thereisequalagreementthattherimoftheover-coveringacetabulumhastobereducedtoremoveimpingement.Onallthosehipsacamdeformitymaybepresentthatneedstobeaddressedatthetimeofsurgicalcorrection[1].Atthefarendsofthespectrumtherequisitetreatmentisobvious.However,thereisatransitionzonewhereitisdifficulttodiscriminateinstabilityfromFAI.Inthepastthesehipswerereferredtoas‘borderline’hips.Usually,thisincludedhipswithalateralcenteredge(LCE)anglebetween20°and25°[2].However,theterm‘borderline’isproblematic,becauseitisaradiographicdefinitionandonlyaddressesoneofseveralparametersimportanttodescribehipstability.Acetabularroofobliquity,anteriorandposteriorcoverandfemoralantetorsionareotherfactorsthatshouldbeincludedintoananalysisofhipstability.Theassociationofhipdysplasiawithhiposteoarthritisisestablished[3,4]anddysplastichipswithsignsofinstabilitydegenerateatahigherrate[5].Aborderlinehipcaneitherbeunstable,impingingormaybeboth.Thestabilityoftheborderlineisdifficulttodetermineandsubjecttointerpretationwithageneraltendencyintheorthopaediccommunitytounderestimateinstabilitythatthenleadstoinappropriatetreatment.Recentstudiessuggestthatarthroscopichipsurgerywithlabralrepairandcapsularplicationinpatientswithborderlinedysplasia(LCEA?>?20°)mayresultinappropriateshort-termimprovements[3,4].However,thereisevidencethatawronglydoneprevioushiparthroscopyhasanegativeimpactontheoutcomeonthetreatmentofsuchhips[6].Therefore,themanagementofthepainfulborderlinedysplastichiphoweverremainsanissueofgreatcontroversy.Borderlinehipdysplasiaiscommoninyoungadultswithhippainwithareportedprevalenceof37.6%inselectedpatientcohorts[7].Intheborderlinedysplastichiptheremaybesignificantoverlapwithothercausesofinstabilitysuchasconnectivetissuelaxity[8].However,thefundamentalissueisthedifficultyincorrectlyclassifyingtheunderlyingpatho-biomechanics.DEFINITIONThefirstproblemliesinthedefinition.TheLateralCentreEdgeAngleofWibergasmeasuredonanAntero-posteriorpelvicradiograph[9](LCEA)hastraditionallybeenusedtoclassifyhipsasnormal(LCEA?>25°),dysplastic(LCEA?<20°)orborderline(LCEA20–25°)althoughthesedefiningvaluesvarywidelyintheliterature[3,10].However,theuseoftheLCEAhastwoproblems.Firstlythemethodbywhichitshouldbemeasured.TomeasuretheLCEAthecenterofthefemoralheadisfirstdefinedbyacirclefittingthecontourofthefemoralhead.Thefirstbranchoftheanglerunsperpendicularthroughthecenterofrotation.Thesecondbranchisdefinedbythecenterofthefemoralheadandthemostlateralpointofthesourcil(Fig.1a).Itisimportantnottousethemostlateralpointoftheacetabulum(Fig.1b),becausethisdoesnotfollowthedefinitionofWiberg,andwillgivefalsehighvalues[11].Secondlytheactualterm‘Borderlinehipdysplasia’wasfirstintroducedbyWiberghimself,includinghipswithaLCEAbetween20°and25°[2].LCEAisaradiographicmeasureandpersecannotpredictstabilityintheborderlinedysplastichipnordoesfullydescribefemoralheadcoverage.ThereforetheLCEAcannotdirectsurgicaldecisionmaking[12–14].PartofthereasonisthatLCEAalonedoesnotencompassthepreciselocationofdysplasiaanddisregardsanteriorandposteriorfemoralheadcoverage.Alsootherparameterssuchasacetabularindex(AI)andfemoralantetorsionareveryrelevantforstabilityofthehip.InthepresenceofadecreasedLCEAAImaybenormalinwhichcasethestabilityofthehipisdifficulttoassess[15].Ontheotherhand,excessivefemoralanteversionmaypotentiateanteriorhipinstability[16].WHATISTHEFUNDAMENTALISSUE?Inthepainfulborderlinedysplastichipitisdifficulttocharacterizethepathologicalmechanismasimpingement(stable)ordysplasia(unstable)byatwo-dimensionalradiographicmeasurementalone,especiallyonethatissolelyafunctionoftheacetabulumandtakesnoaccountofthefemur.Thisfunctionalcharacterizationofhipstabilityisofparamountimportancetoguidesurgicaldecision-making.Anunstablehipwouldlogicallybenefitfromacetabularreorientationosteotomywhilstastablehipwouldbenefitfromimpingementsurgerysuchasfemoralcamosteoplasty.Sowhatisknownabouttheintra-articularpathology?Howshouldthesepatientsbeassessed?Whatarethetreatmentoptions?Whatarethesurgicaloutcomes?Whatarethepotentialpitfallswiththisgroupofpatients?Whatarethefuturedirections?Inthisnarrativereviewarticleweaimtoaddressthesequestionsandelucidatethemanagementofthischallenginggroupofpatients.WHATISTHEUNDERLYINGPATHOLOGYOFHIPDYSPLASIAANDUNSTABLEBORDERLINEHIPS?Inhipdysplasia,thereareabnormallyhigharticularcontactpressuresandrelativebonyuncoveringofthefemoralhead.Theacetabulumistypicallyshallowandantevertedwithanoftencompensatoryenlargedlabrum,butthereisalsoahighprevalenceofconcomitantacetabularretroversion[17].Thefemurisclassicallyinvalguswithhighantetorsion[10].Theseabnormalanatomicalfeaturescausepathologicalhipbiomechanicswhichmanifestaslabraltears,chondrallesions,andhipinstability,whichcaneasilybemisinterpretedasimpingement.Astheosseousstabilityiscompromisedtheimportanceofthesofttissuestabilisers,namelythefibrocartilaginouslabrumandthehipcapsule,isaccentuated[18].Oncethesofttissueconstraintsfailthenthehipbecomesunstable.However,onehastounderstandthattheprincipalunderlyingpathologyisthelackofosseousstability,whichleadstofailureofthehipandnotthefailingsofttissuestability.Thenaturalhistoryofthesubluxingdysplastichipisaverypoorprognosisandinvariablyleadstojointdegeneration[5].Therateofdeteriorationisdirectlyrelatedtosubluxationseverityandpatientageandusuallyabout10?yearsafteronsetofsymptomsseveredegenerativechangeshavedeveloped[19].Thenaturalhistoryintheabsenceofsubluxationismoredifficulttopredictconcerningthespeedofdegeneration.Thesameaccountsforborderlinedysplastichips.Arecentstudyhighlightstheimportanceofacetabularcover.Inalargecohortoffemales,followedfor20?years,itwasshownthateachdegreereductioninLCEbelow28°isassociatedwith13%increasedriskofradiographicOA[20].Therefore,besidesshort-termreliefofsymptoms,thelong-termpossibleevolutionhastobekeptinmind.CLINICALPRESENTATIONTheclinicalpresentationofborderlineacetabulardysplasiaisverysimilartothatofotheryoungactiveadulthipdisorders,suchasFAIsyndrome[21]soathoroughhistory,physicalexamination,andradiographicevaluationareessentialtoproperlydiagnosethesepatients.HISTORYAfocusedhistoryistaken.Theprimarysymptominpatientswithborderlinehipdysplasiaispain.Thisistypicallyperceivedingroinandlateralhipbutcanalsobeinthebuttock.Afullpainhistoryiswarranted.Particularsymptomsofinstabilityand‘givingway’aresoughtthatmayindicatethatthelimitsofsofttissuecompensationforalackofosseousstabilityhavebeenreached.Symptomsofclickingandcatchingarealsocommon.Furthermoreanyindicationsthatthepatienthasestablishedhiparthritis,suchasnightpain,areaskedfor.Thesymptomsshouldbeputintothecontextofthepatient’sfunctionallimitationsandmedicalattentionalreadyreceivedincludingphysiotherapy,medications,otheropinionsandsurgery.EXAMINATIONAlogicalclinicalexaminationofthehipshouldfollowincludingapprehensionandimpingementtests.Thepatientwilloftendisplaya‘kneeing-in’gaitinassociationwithanincreasedhipadductormomentandincreasedinternalhiprotationconsistentwithincreasedfemoralantetorsion.Hyperlordosismaybepresentinordertofunctionallyincreaseanteriorcover.Tendernessoverthegreatertrochantershouldbedetermined[22].Itiscrucialtoremembertoexaminethepatient’srotationalprofile,performaneurovascularexaminationandtocheckforsignsofgeneralizedjointlaxityandquantifythisusingBeighton’sscore.Specifickeyaimsincluderefutingthepresenceof(i)anadvanceddegenerativeprocessmanifestforexamplewithfixedflexiondeformityanddecreasedrangeofmotionand(ii)alternativepathologysuchaspainreferredfromlumbarspondylosisorL5radiculopathy.INVESTIGATIONSDiagnosticimagingshouldcommencewithstandardizedplainAPradiographofthepelvisandalateralfemoralneckviews(lateralcrosstable,Dunnview,falseprofileviews)[23].TheseimagesarescrutinizedtomeasuretheLCEA,AI,extrusionindex,femoralneck-shaftangleandFEARindex(seebelow).TheTonnisgradeofosteoarthritisshouldbedeterminedalongwithwhetherthereiscammorphology.Directsignsofinstabilityshouldbescrutinizedforandthesecomprisefemoralheadmigration,recognizedbyanincreaseddistancefromtheilioischialline,abreakinShenton’slineandrecenteringofthefemoralheadonanAPviewwiththehipinabductionandGadoliniumintheposteriorjointspacewhenusingMR-arthrography,thatindicatesanteriormigrationandthusinstabilityofthefemoralhead.TheFEARindexhasahighassociationwithinstability(seebelow).Thevariousparametershavetobemeasuredpreciselyandrecorded.Cross-sectionalimagingwiththree-dimensionalcomputerizedtomography(CT)forpreciseinformationonbonyanatomyandlocationofdysplasiaincludingthepresenceandlocationofperiarticularcystsiswarranted[24–26].FurthermoreCTshouldincludeestimationoffemoralantetorsionwhich,ifhighmaypotentiateanteriorhipinstability.Magneticresonanceimaging(MR-arthrography)shouldfollowadedicatedprotocolfortheexaminationofthehip,includingradialimageacquisitionorreconstructionandintra-articularapplicationofcontrast[27]toexamineforintra-articularstructuresandpathologyofbothlabrumandarticularcartilage.Othercausesforsimilarsymptomssuchasavascularnecrosis,trochantericbursitisorglutealpathologycanbedifferentiated.Additionalmeasurementsincludelabralsize[13,28]andiliocapsularisvolume[29].Inthesepatients,wealsoadvocatenon-tractionMRarthrographytoexamineforaaccumulationofgadoliniumknownasa‘crescentsign’whichisasubtlesignofinstabilityontheaxialview[30].WHATISTHEVALUEOFTHESEMEASUREMENTS?Onplainfilmsthosemeasurementsthataredirectsignsofinstabilityarefemoralheadmigrationwithanincreaseofthedistancefromtheilioischialline,abreakinShenton’slineandrecenteringofthefemoralheadontheAPviewwithhipsinabductionandtheFEARindex.OnMR-arthrographythepresenceofGadoliniuminthepostero-inferiorjointspaceindicatesmigrationofthefemoralheadandthusinstability.TheAI,NSA,AT,highiliocapsularisvolumeandincreasedlabralvolumemaybepresentbutarenotpredictiveofinstability[30](Table1).WHATARETHETREATMENTOPTIONS?Treatmentdependsonthestabilityofthehip.Thetreatmentalternativesforthepainfulborderlinedysplastichipincludenon-operativetreatment,surgicaltreatmenttoaddressintra-articularimpingement(FAIsurgerybyeitherhiparthroscopyorsurgicalhipdislocation)andsurgicaltreatmenttoaddressinstability(reorientationosteotomywithPAOand/orfemoralosteotomy)(seeFig.2).Non-operativemanagementincludespatienteducation,activitymodification,simpleanalgesics,non-steroidalanti-inflammatorymedications,andintra-articularinjections[35].Targetedphysiotherapycanimprovemuscularconditioning,painandproprioceptivecontrol.Thesurgicaltreatmentoptionsfortheborderlinedysplastichipwhichcomprisearthroscopyand/orosteotomywillbediscussedinthefollowingparagraphs.WHATARETHERESULTSOFHIPARTHROSCOPYINTHISGROUPOFPATIENTS?Withtherecentevolutioninhiparthroscopymanysurgeonsareusingthistoaddressborderlinedysplastichips,notleastbecauseofperceivedhigherrisksandlongerpost-operativerecoveryassociatedwithalternativetechniquessuchasperiacetabularosteotomy.Hiparthroscopyinborderlinedysplastichipspermitsthesurgeontoaddressintra-articularpathologysuchasalabraltearorfemoralcamdeformity[3,12,36].IfPAOisbeingconsideredtoaddresstheinadequatebonystabilitythenarthroscopymaygivethesurgeonvaluableinsightsnotonlyintotheintra-articularstatusofthehipbutalsohowthepatientislikelytofarewithamuchlargersubsequentoperation[37].However,thereislittlepublishedliteratureonhiparthroscopyinborderlinedysplastichipsandwhatthereislimitedbyshort-termfollow-up.InthesystematicreviewbyJoetal.,13studieslookingatarthroscopyindysplastichipswereidentified[10].Thestudieswereheterogeneousandallstudieswerecaseseries.Onlysixstudiesreportedonsubjectiveand/orobjectiveoutcomes.Thesurgicalindicationsforarthroscopywereambiguousandpatientshadreceivedvariablenon-operativemanagementapriori.FurthermoretheprecisedefinitionofborderlinehipdysplasiavariedandonlytwostudiesusedthedefinitionofByrdandJones[36].Threestudiesreportedonhiparthroscopyasanadjuvanttoolandthreeasastand-alonetreatment.Labraltearshadanoverallprevalenceof77.3%andtheseweremostlylocatedintheanteriororanterosuperiorportionoftheacetabularrim.Acetabularchondrallesionsweremorecommonthanfemorallesions(59–75.2%versus11–32%)andlocatedadjacenttothatofthelabralpathology.Therewereonlytwostudiesthatexaminedtheoutcomesofarthroscopyinborderlinehipdysplasticcases(LCEA20–25°)ofwhichonlyonedescribedpatientreportedoutcomemeasures.Thelatter,aprospectiveclinicalcaseseriesbyByrdandJones[36],had66%ofhips(32hips)withborderlinedysplasia.ThemeanmodifiedHarrisHipscoreimprovedfrom50(poor)to77(fair)followingarthroscopy.Theauthorsconcludedthatthetreatmentresponseislikelyafunctionofaddressingtheintra-articularpathologyratherthantheradiographicevidenceofdysplasia.WHATARETHEDANGERSWITHDOINGHIPARTHROSCOPYINBORDERLINEDYSPLASTICHIPS?Arthroscopiclabralresectionandremovaloflateralacetabularriminborderlinehipdysplasiacanleadtofulminantjointinstability[38].Evenifthelabrumisrepaireditisimperativetopreservetheiliofemoralligamentandotherstaticstabilizersofthehiptopreventtheirreversibleconsequencesorrenderingthehipunstable[39–41].Thereisnoconclusiveliteraturetosupportcapsularrepairinthesecasesbutthisseemsasafeandsensiblepractice[42].Capsularreductiontechniquestoimprovestabilityhavebeendescribedinborderlinedysplastichips[12].Ifthehipissufficientlyunstablepre-operativelythenaddressingtheintra-articularpathologyalonebyhiparthroscopywillbeinsufficientandthepatientwillrequireaPAO[43,44].Onehastobearinmindthatstabilityofthehipfirstlinedependsontheosseousgeometry.Insubtleinstability(borderlinedysplasia)stabilitymaybesecuredbysecondarysofttissuestructures.Oncethesefailduetomicro-ormacrotraumathehipbecomesunstable.Restoringsofttissuestabilitymayimprovehipstabilityforashortperiodoftimeonly,butitislikelythatthesofttissueswearoutagain.Thereforetheunderlyingosseouspathologyhastobeaddressedfirsttoachievegoodlong-termresults.ArecentreportshowedaninferiorhipspecificfunctionaloutcomeofPAOafterfailedhiparthroscopyinhipdysplasia[6].Hiparthroscopyaloneinthisgroupofpatientsshouldbethereforeapproachedwithcaution.However,itmayhavearoleinthosepatientswhoareeitherunsuitableforPAOeitherbecausetheirhipsareunfavourable(i.e.haveanormalAIandnormalfemoralanteversion)orbecausetheiradvancedage(i.e.>40years).WHATARETHERESULTSOFREORIENTINGPERIACETABULAROSTEOTOMYINTHISGROUPOFPATIENTS?Acetabularreorientationviatheperiacetabularosteotomyhasbecomethemostcommontreatmentforacetabulardysplasiawithgoodoutcomesreportedatover20?yearspostoperatively.Traditionallyintra-articularpathologywasaddressedatthetimeofPAObyperformingananteriorarthrotomy.HoweverwiththedevelopmentofminimallyinvasivetechniquesforPAOthisisnolongernecessarilythecase.LessinvasivePAOtechniqueshavedecreasedthetimetopostoperativerecovery[45].ArecentstudyshowedmodifiablefactorssuchashigherphysicalactivityandhigherBMIgreaterthan30?kg/m2leadtoadecreasedageofpresentationforPAO[46].FurthermorepatientsalsopresentedearlierforPAOwithworsedegreesofdysplasia:theLCEAwasindependentlypredictiveofageatsurgery,i.e.patientswithalowerLCEAtendedtorequirePAOsurgeryatanearlierage.However,therewasnodifferenceinoutcomesfollowingPAObetweenmildandmoderatedysplasia.Inthisstudymilddysplasiawasclassifiedas15–25°whichencompassesourdefinitionofborderlinehipdysplasia.Arecentmulticenterprospectivecohortstudythatexaminedpatient-reportedoutcomemeasuresofPAOshowedthat,althoughoverallresultsweregood,improvementsinborderlinehipdysplasticsandmaleswerelessthaninthosepatientswhohadmoreseveredysplasia[47].TheauthorsdiscussedthiswiththedangerofasmallcorrectionthatmayleadtoovercorrectionandiatrogenicFAI,increasedfemoralantetorsionandsofttissuelaxity.RECOMMENDATIONSANDFUTUREDIRECTIONSInborderlinehipsthecrucialstepistodefinestability.Regardingthestabilityofthehipthereareonlytwoconditions:Thehipiseitherstableorunstable.Thereisnothinginbetween.Ifthisconceptisaccepted,thetreatmentgetscomparablysimple.InstabilitymaybecombinedwithotherpathologieslikeFAIoroverload/overuseandcartilagediseasewhichneedconcomitanttreatment.Ifthehipisunstable,acetabularreorientationisnecessary.Addressingonlywornoutsecondarystabilizersdoesnotsolvetheunderlyingbiomechanicproblemandatbestwillyieldsatisfactoryshorttermresults.Instablehips,openorarthroscopicjointpreservingsurgerymaybeperformed.However,wehavetokeepinmindthateachdegreedecreaseoftheLCEanglebelow28°isassociatedwitha13%increaseofosteoarthrosis[20].Therefore,ifindoubt,inordertomaximizethechanceofgoodlong-termresults,wewouldadvocateforanacetabularreorientationoperation.Itisimportanttoidentifytheareaswherewelackknowledgeinordertoguidefurtherresearch.Longer-termfollow-upstudiescomparingacetabularreorientationandhiparthroscopyinthesepatients,ideallyinwhichallimagingparametersandBeightonscoresarerecordedwouldbeperformed.Inadditionpatient-reportedoutcomemeasuresandtimetorecoveryandresumptionofactivitiesincludingsportshouldbeattained.文獻出處:MichaelCWyatt,MartinBeck.Themanagementofthepainfulborderlinedysplastichip.ReviewJHipPreservSurg.2018Apr5;5(2):105-112.doi:10.1093/jhps/hny012.
北大人民醫(yī)院科普號
髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良保髖手術常見問題
問:髖關節(jié)發(fā)育不良可不可以保守治療,是否必須手術?答:首先,保守治療無非控制活動量、控制體重、吃止疼藥、加強肌肉鍛煉,一定程度可以緩解疼痛癥狀,但是根本的骨頭畸形并沒有改變,也就是說,保守治療只能一定程度延緩病情進展,無法解決根本問題。手術的目的是為了緩解疼痛、延長自身關節(jié)的使用壽命,從根本上解決問題。如果本身關節(jié)不疼,或者疼痛非常非常輕,可以暫且保守治療。但是,如果關節(jié)疼痛比較頻繁或者比較重,手術可能是解決當前問題的最佳方式。?問:保髖術后我的關節(jié)能用多少年?答:這個問題很難回答。影響關節(jié)使用壽命的因素太多了,比如手術時關節(jié)軟骨磨損重不重、自身的軟骨耐磨程度如何、自身的關節(jié)畸形重不重、手術醫(yī)生的水平好不好、術后體重控制得好不好、術后關節(jié)保養(yǎng)的好不好。理論上講,通過手術糾正畸形可以讓關節(jié)的使用壽命盡可能延長,最好的效果就是用一輩子,當然,少術患者也有術后幾年、十幾年后出現(xiàn)關節(jié)磨損嚴重,進而換關節(jié)的。總體上講,找一個靠譜的醫(yī)生,術后自己好好保養(yǎng),剩下的就交給天意了。?問:手術后我應該怎么保養(yǎng)自身的關節(jié)?答:手術的目的還是希望大家回歸正常的生活。有的極端的患者,為了減少關節(jié)負重會走極端,比如坐輪椅,甚至少穿衣服,其實大可不必,該干嘛干嘛。如果可以的話,適當避免長時間重體力勞動或者劇烈運動。當然,如果你覺得運動是生命中不可缺少的一部分,那也不用刻意壓抑,這一點國外是比較積極的,很多患者手術就是為了后續(xù)運動時不疼。當然,如果能把體重控制在理想的區(qū)間肯定是最好的。?問:我想手術了,術前應該做哪些準備?答:1、異地就醫(yī),提前進行醫(yī)保備案,具體需要詢問當?shù)蒯t(yī)保部門;2、準備一副拐杖,肘拐腋拐都可以,調整拐杖高度,練習拄拐單腿走路;3、術前可以按醫(yī)生的建議進行功能鍛煉,改善肌力,加速術后康復;4、帶著之前拍的片子及病歷;5、酌情準備個人生活物品。?問:髖臼周圍截骨手術風險高不高?答:這個手術確實難度很大,被譽為骨科的珠穆朗瑪,手術的入門門檻很高,學習曲線很長,目前全國只有為數(shù)不多的醫(yī)生可以做這類手術。記得我在美國學習的時候,看過兩個醫(yī)生做這個手術,一個醫(yī)生平均需要三四個小時,另一個醫(yī)生需要6-8個小時。對于我們來說,絕大多術的手術可以在1小時出頭的時間完成,手術不但做得快,質量也是絕對有保證。?問:手術需要輸血嗎?答:這個手術的出血確實偏多,但是隨著手術技術的提高和相關藥物的應用,再加上手術中使用血液回收設備(可以將出血量的大概一般進行重新回收利用),目前在我中心手術的患者,90%以上的患者不需要異體輸血。而且,我們中心現(xiàn)在術前不需要常規(guī)備自體血。?問:術后恢復期大概多久?答:手術中我們需要將骨頭截斷,調整好位置后進行固定,截斷的骨頭長好需要大概3個月的時間。所以,術后3個月內需要小心保護自己的髖關節(jié),不要摔,一定要拄雙拐,拄雙拐,拄雙拐!一般我會讓患者術后6-8周內術腿不負重,6-8周后從0開始逐漸逐漸增加踩地的重量,注意,是勻速逐漸的增加,到3個月的時候可以負重身體重量1/3-1/2,具體以醫(yī)生通知為準。過早扔拐,過早過多負重可能導致骨頭移位,影響手術效果。3個月后門診復查,評估骨頭生長情況。?問:術后如何進行康復鍛煉?答:康復鍛煉很重要,鍛煉不好,走路十有八九會瘸。我的患者我一般會給每人一個康復計劃,由于每個人的手術不一樣,畸形不一樣,骨頭質量不一樣,所以方案不會完全一樣,大家按照自己的方案去做鍛煉即可。大家認真閱讀鍛煉資料,保證動作做對,一旦動作做錯,就可能練錯肌肉。3個月復查時人要過來,很重要,我會根據(jù)查體結果和骨頭愈合情況調整康復方案。復查方式參考:保髖術后門診復查注意事項
航天中心醫(yī)院骨科科普號